ArticleJDS communications2026
Insights into cow-level risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clinical disease in lactating Holsteins from a single outbreak in Colorado: An observational study.
Article in JDS communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) has spilled over into dairy cattle populations in the United States. A year after the initial outbreak, many uncertainties remain about the virus' epidemiology. The objective of this observational study was to examine cow-level factors that may influence cow's susceptibility to manifest clinical signs during an HPAI H5N1 outbreak using on-farm herd records. The study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Colorado that housed only mid-to-late lactation cows and experienced the peak of its outbreak in late May 2024. Herd records were used to identify clinical cases. The study population comprised 3,281 cows that were housed across 7 freestalls and 5 open-lot pens. Pens were classified as comparable if they housed cows with similar individual-level characteristics, as determined using a network-based clustering approach based on ANOVA and chi-squared tests. Univariate associations between case status and potential risk factors were evaluated in the full study population using
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