ArticleJournal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan2026
Comparison of the effects of natural, cultivated, and synthetic musk on preventing acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
Article in Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multi-Target Antitumor Effects of Natural Products and Approved Drug Repurposing in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Advances in Mechanisms, Combination Regimens, Delivery System Optimization, and Clinical Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo find alternatives to natural musk, this study compared the pharmacological effects of cultivated musk, synthetic musk, and natural musk. The aim is to address the dual challenge of clinical demand for musk-based medicines and the endangered status of the musk deer population.
methodsThis study aimed to establish a rat model of acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) by creating a middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model. Methods including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to compare the extent of brain tissue damage, inflammatory factor levels, and platelet-related indicators in rats treated with musk from different sources (natural musk, cultivated musk, and synthetic musk), thereby evaluating their differences in neuroprotection. Analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance.
resultsResults indicated that pretreatment with musk demonstrated a positive impact on neurological function by reducing cerebral infarction size, decreasing cerebral edema severity, increasing calcitonin gene related peptide levels, inhibiting 5-hydroxytryptamine release, and preserving the blood-brain barrier integrity. Notably, natural musk exhibited superior antithrombotic properties compared to cultivated and synthetic musk, primarily evidenced by its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation rate, improve cerebral blood perfusion, reduce platelet activating factor receptor protein expression, and lower thromboxane A2 levels. Cultivated musk was observed to elevate catalase and superoxide dismutase levels while concurrently dampening inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, thereby mitigating oxidative damage and also diminishing tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β contents along with Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, enhancing anti-inflammatory capacity.
conclusionMusk sourced from diverse origins exhibits profound neuroprotective qualities against acute CI/RI in rats. Particularly, natural musk demonstrated a specific propensity towards reinforcing antithrombotic effects, whereas cultivated musk excelled in augmenting anti-inflammatory and antioxidative defenses, offering efficacious protection against acute CI/RI. The findings bolster the credibility of strategically employing diverse sources of musk as a preventive strategy against ischemic strokes.
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