Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41735692›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical research2026

The Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) Model: Integration of Air-Liquid Interface Cell Cultures within a Human Airway Model for Inhalation Toxicology.

Patrick He, Hanieh Gholizadeh, Damien Chong, Shaokoon Cheng, Patrick Spicer, Paul Michael Young, Lois Ledo, Vanessa Wilson, Daniela Traini, Hui Xin Ong

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Patrick HeRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-5490
Hanieh GholizadehRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Damien ChongDSTG, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia.
Shaokoon ChengSchool of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
Patrick SpicerSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Paul Michael YoungMacquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Lois LedoDSTG, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia.
Vanessa WilsonDSTG, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia.
Daniela TrainiRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Hui Xin OngRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. huixin.ong@mq.edu.au.

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) APP1173363
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) model was developed as a physiologically relevant benchtop system designed to assess aerosol deposition and interactions within the respiratory tract.

methodsThis model integrates a three-dimensional (3D) cast of the human airways with a vacuum driven aerosol inhalation flow and an air liquid interface (ALI) cell culture platform. In this study, the integrated AIR and ALI cell model was used to investigate the toxicity profile of aerosolized Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA I) toxin. RCA I was characterized in terms of particle size, surface charge, rheology, and aerosol performance. Additionally, real-time electrochemical detection using the Micro Analytical Device (MAD) provided high sensitivity quantification of aerosolized RCA I. The biological effects were assessed using human epithelial cells cultured under ALI conditions, which were exposed to RCA I aerosols. Cytotoxicity and barrier function assays were performed to evaluate its impact.

resultsResults show significant differences in toxic dose thresholds comparing 2D and AIR models. Transport study revealed that RCA I exhibited significantly increased mass transport across the epithelial cell layer at toxic concentrations compared to non-toxic concentrations.

conclusionsThis integrated approach represents a significant advancement in the study of inhaled aerosol deposition, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics, offering a robust tool for predicting lung injury and enhancing the detection of a wide range of inhaled aerosols, including but not limited to toxins.

Indexed as

Models, BiologicalRespiratory SystemAdministration, InhalationAerosolsCell Culture TechniquesCell SurvivalEpithelial CellsHumansParticle SizeAerosolsin vitro modelMADpulmonary deliveryRCA Irespiratory aerosols

Identifiers

PMID41735692
PMCPMC13076538

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.