ArticleScientific reports2026
Maintaining a 2170 lithium-ion battery's operating temperature in freezing climates using preheating and an alumina foam PCM structure.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study develops a combined preheating and passive cooling strategy to maintain a 2170 lithium-ion battery (LIB) within its optimal operating temperature range of 15-35 °C under freezing conditions. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the finite volume method (FVM) is employed to simulate a thermal management structure composed of high-porosity Al₂O₃ foam (ε = 0.9) impregnated with hexadecane as the phase change material (PCM), coupled with an external preheating technique. This work provides a system-level assessment of preheating duration, energy consumption, PCM utilization, and thermal regulation under extreme cold-start conditions down to - 40 °C, demonstrating stable temperature uniformity, effective latent heat absorption, and improved thermal safety for cold-climate battery applications. The results show that the preheating stage effectively raises the cell temperature to 15 °C, while the PCM-Al₂O₃ foam matrix maintains the temperature below 35 °C during discharge. Across all operating conditions, both the average temperature (T
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