Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41734998›Full record

ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2026

Modulating the tumor immune phenotypes by radiotherapy: formulating and validating the combination therapy of radiation, PD-L1, and TIM-3 blockade in colorectal cancer.

Xuan Xuan Wang, Chu Zhu, Yikan Sun, Xuyun Xie, Mengjia Wang, Yue Jin, Yanjun Gu, Liwen Qian, Liming Shi, Jiaqi Xu and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Xuan Xuan Wang *Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Chu Zhu *Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Yikan SunDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Xuyun XieDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Mengjia WangDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Yue JinDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Yanjun GuDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Liwen QianDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Liming ShiDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Jiaqi XuDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Fei WangDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Xuefeng HuangDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Sheng DaiDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China sunxiaonan@zju.edu.cn daimd@zju.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-8517
Xiaonan SunDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China sunxiaonan@zju.edu.cn daimd@zju.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-4191

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMost colorectal cancers (CRCs) are mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) and microsatellite stable (MSS), and they respond poorly to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Radiotherapy (RT) can promote antitumor immunity but may also trigger adaptive immune suppression through checkpoint upregulation, providing a rationale for combination therapies.

methodsWe integrated transcriptomic analyses from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts-annotated for microsatellite instability (MSI)/MMR status-with single-cell RNA-sequencing data from the Human Colorectal Cancer Atlas. Mechanistic and translational experiments were conducted using CT26 (MSS/pMMR) and MC38 (microsatellite instability (MSI)-high/mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR)) mouse models, patient-derived organoid (PDO)-immune co-cultures, and clinical CRC specimens. Assessments included multicolor flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, bulk RNA-sequencing, and immune profiling.

results

conclusionsThese findings identify TIM-3/PD-L1 as a context-dependent adaptive resistance axis following RT. The greatest incremental value of TIM-3 blockade was observed in MSS/pMMR settings, where RT more consistently increased PD-1 and TIM-3 co-expression on intratumoral CD8

Indexed as

B7-H1 AntigenColorectal NeoplasmsHepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2Immune Checkpoint InhibitorsAnimalsFemaleHumansMicePhenotypeB7-H1 AntigenCD274 protein, humanHAVCR2 protein, humanHepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2Immune Checkpoint InhibitorsColorectal CancerImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsRADIOTHERAPY

Identifiers

PMID41734998
PMCPMC12933762

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.