ArticleMaxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery2026
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 from a conditioned medium of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes bone regeneration by enhancing macrophage phenotype polarization.
Article in Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundWe have reported that the cytokines and chemokines contained in conditioned medium of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-CM), which were derived from bone marrow, promote bone regeneration. We recently reported macrophage phenotype polarization towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype induced by MSC-CM and its potential to establish regenerative condition and assist subsequent bone regeneration. However, the specific factors in the MSC-CM responsible for this process remain unclear. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) -1, present in MSC-CM, promotes cell migration and activation of the monocyte-macrophage lineage; therefore, we hypothesized that MCP-1 is one of the key factors in MSC-CM-induced macrophage phenotype polarization. The effect of MCP-1 on MSC-CM-induced macrophage phenotype polarization and subsequent bone regeneration was investigated in this study.
methodsMCP-1 was depleted from MSC-CM (depMSC-CM) and used in subsequent experiments. Rat bone marrow macrophages were incubated in MSC-CM or depMSC-CM and expression of macrophage markers was examined in vitro. In addition, the effect of MSC-CM and depMSC-CM on bone regeneration and macrophage phenotype polarization were evaluated using rat calvaria defect model in vivo.
resultsMSC-CM enhanced M2 macrophage marker expression in rat bone marrow macrophages compared to those treated with depMSC-CM in vitro. In addition, MSC-CM increased the number of M2 macrophage marker-positive cells in bone defects and enhanced subsequent bone regeneration in a rat calvaria bone defect model.
conclusionsMCP-1 seemed to be a one of the most contributing factors in MSC-CM-induced macrophage phenotypic polarization and subsequent bone regeneration.
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