ArticleGlobal change biology2026
Trade-Offs Between Carbon and Water Fluxes Along a Land Use Intensity Gradient in Southeast Asian Forests and Plantations.
Article in Global change biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Land use intensity (LUI) significantly influences the biophysical and biogeochemical properties of the global landscape. The impact of LUI is exceptionally strong in Southeast Asia (SEA), where forests are increasingly being replaced by intensively managed plantations. Despite these transformations, comprehensive studies on how different LUI regulate carbon, energy, and water fluxes in this region remain scarce. In this study, we examine data from 16 eddy covariance (EC) flux tower sites in SEA, representing a total of 112 years of measurements. We aim to assess trade-offs in carbon fluxes, light use efficiency (LUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) across a gradient of LUI: low (primary forests), medium (secondary forests), and high (plantations). Our findings reveal that mature high LUI sites on mineral soil act as carbon sinks; however, their high evapotranspiration rates often exceed site-specific precipitation, making them susceptible to water stress. For example, mean annual carbon uptake at high LUI sites (ranged from -1.19 to -0.74 kg C m
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