ArticleJournal of oral biology and craniofacial research
Comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of galla chinensis with nanohydroxyapatite, chicken egg shell and fish scale derived nanohydroxyapatite on early enamel caries- A single-blinded
Article in Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Optimization and evaluation of fluoride-functionalized nano-hydroxyapatite derived fromBiology methods & protocols · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of plant-based Galla chinensis extract (GCE) with nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp), chicken eggshell-derived nHAp (CES nHAp), and fish scale-derived nHAp (FS nHAp), against casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF), on early artificial enamel lesions in human premolars. Materials and methods: A total of 148 human premolar specimens were prepared and demineralized to simulate early enamel caries, with five intact samples serving as baseline controls. Among these, 48 samples underwent surface microhardness testing using the Vickers hardness test, 60 were analyzed for lesion depth using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), 30 for elemental composition using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and 10 for surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The specimens were randomly assigned into five groups: demineralized control, CPP-ACPF, GCE with nHAp, CES nHAp, and FS nHAp. A seven-day pH cycling regimen simulated the oral environment. Microhardness values before demineralization (SMH1), after demineralization (SMH2), and after remineralization (SMH3) were recorded to calculate percentage surface microhardness recovery (%SMHR). Results: The GCE nHAp group exhibited the highest %SMHR and the shallowest lesion depth, with EDX confirming a significantly higher calcium-to-phosphorus ratio. SEM images revealed smoother, more uniform surfaces in this group. CES nHAp and CPP-ACPF demonstrated moderate remineralizing effects, while FS nHAp showed the least efficacy, with no significant difference from CPP-ACPF. Conclusions: GCE combined with nHAp was the most effective remineralizing agent, followed by CES nHAp and CPP-ACPF. These findings suggest that natural plant- and animal-derived biomaterials offer promising, biocompatible alternatives for non-invasive enamel caries management.
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