Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41731495›Full record

ArticleBMC complementary medicine and therapies2026

Assessment of cytotoxic effects of Prunus Africana extracts on prostate cancer C4-2 cells in vitro.

Peace C Asuzu, Victoria Croston, Yahira Rivera, Alberta N A Aryee, Samuel A Besong, Karl E Miletti-González

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Article in BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Peace C AsuzuDepartment of Human Ecology (Food Science and Biotechnology Program), Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901, United States.
Victoria CrostonDepartment of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901, United States.
Yahira RiveraDepartment of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901, United States.
Alberta N A AryeeDepartment of Human Ecology (Food Science and Biotechnology Program), Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901, United States.
Samuel A BesongDepartment of Human Ecology (Food Science and Biotechnology Program), Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901, United States.
Karl E Miletti-GonzálezDepartment of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, 19901, United States. kmiletti@desu.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPhytochemicals from secondary plant metabolism exhibit notable biological activities, including antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects. This study evaluated the cytotoxic potential of Prunus africana extracts on prostate cancer cells in vitro.

methodsBark, leaf, and root samples were extracted using absolute methanol or ethanol, and assessed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity was tested using the MTS cell viability assay on C4-2 cells, a hormonally insensitive subline of LNCaP, and primary prostate epithelial cells over 6, 12, and 24 h. Additional cellular assays were carried out to determine whether the expected cell death mechanism occurred via apoptosis or necrosis.

resultsThe bark methanolic extract showed the highest TPC (1397.33 mg GAE/g) and the lowest EC50 value (0.10 mg/mL), comparable to ascorbic acid (0.18 mg/mL). The bark methanolic extract also exhibited a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect between 0.000025 and 0.25 mg/mL, with selective toxicity at 0.025 mg/mL toward C4-2 cells compared to the primary prostate epithelial cell line tested. Cellular and molecular assays indicated that apoptosis was the primary mechanism of cell death.

conclusionThese results suggest that P. africana bark methanolic extract is a promising candidate for treating hormonally insensitive prostate cancer.

Indexed as

Antineoplastic Agents, PhytogenicPlant ExtractsProstatic NeoplasmsPrunus africanaAntioxidantsApoptosisCell Line, TumorCell SurvivalFlavonoidsHumansMalePhenolsPlant BarkAntineoplastic Agents, PhytogenicAntioxidantsFlavonoidsPhenolsPlant ExtractsAlcoholic extractsApoptosisProstate cancer cellsPrunus africanaViability

Identifiers

PMID41731495
PMCPMC13037328

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.