ArticleMolecular imaging and biology2026
Imaging vascular characteristics and glycolytic metabolism of glioblastoma in a chick embryo model using
Article in Molecular imaging and biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo assess hypoxia-associated host-tumour vascular adaptations and glycolytic metabolism in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) glioblastoma model. PROCEDURES: U251 GBM cells were conditioned under normoxia (21% O₂) or hypoxia (1% O₂) for 72 h before implantation onto the CAM on embryonic day 7 (E7). Imaging was performed on E13 using MRI (control-CAM n = 8, normoxic-tumour n = 7, hypoxic-tumour n = 6) and brightfield microscopy (control-CAM n = 7, normoxic-tumour n = 8, hypoxic-tumour n = 7). Tumours were harvested on E14 for histology and gene expression analyses. In a separate cohort of 25 GBM-CAM tumours grown under normoxic conditioning, the correlation of glucose metabolism was assessed using [
resultsNormoxia- and hypoxia-conditioned tumour-bearing CAMs exhibited vascular remodelling and significant upregulation of VEGFA and ADM compared to cultured cells. αSMA staining confirmed vessel infiltration in normoxia-conditioned tumours. CAIX staining revealed a hypoxic core in these tumours while hypoxia-conditioned tumours displayed heterogeneous staining. In both conditions, GLUT1 staining colocalised with CAIX staining, indicating hypoxia-associated glycolysis. GLUT1, PDK1 and LDHA expression was elevated in CAM tumours relative to tumour cells in vitro. In the metabolic imaging cohort, most tumours exhibited [
conclusionsThe CAM model provides a versatile platform for investigating GBM vascularisation and metabolism. Hypoxic conditioning amplifies transcriptional and vascular changes to the CAM. Although both [
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