ArticlePaediatric and perinatal epidemiology2026
Joint Effects of Prenatal Antibiotics, Mode of Birth and Breastfeeding Duration on Childhood Infections: The Norwegian MoBa Cohort Study.
Article in Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Joint Effects of Prenatal Antibiotics, Mode of Birth and Breastfeeding Duration on Childhood Infections: The Norwegian MoBa Cohort Study.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Beyond Individual Prenatal Risk Factors in Early Childhood Infection Severity: A Multi-Exposure Framework.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrenatal antibiotic exposure and caesarean births are associated with an increased risk of hospitalised infection in children, but few studies have evaluated their impact on less severe infections and possible joint effects. Conversely, longer breastfeeding duration is protective against infections, but whether this effect varies according to previous perinatal exposures has not been explored. These three exposures are all hypothesised to influence the infant microbiome.
objectivesTo examine the individual and joint effects of prenatal antibiotic exposure, caesarean birth, and breastfeeding duration for both the incidence of infections and for hospitalisation for infection up to age three.
methodsParticipants were from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). The three exposures were prenatal antibiotic exposure, caesarean birth, and breastfeeding duration. Using quasi-Poisson regression, we analysed the number of infections and hospitalisation for infections according to: (1) each exposure individually, (2) combined exposure to prenatal antibiotics and caesarean birth and (3) breastfeeding duration across the strata of prenatal antibiotics and birth mode.
resultsAmong 45,485 children followed from birth to age three, there was weak evidence for an increased number of infections according to the exposures of interest (incidence rate ratio for prenatal antibiotics 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.05; caesarean birth 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.03; breastfeeding < 6 months 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.05), while there was an increased risk of hospitalised infection (risk ratio for prenatal antibiotics 1.11, 95% CI 1.05, 1.17; caesarean birth 1.20, 95% CI 1.14, 1.27; breastfeeding < 6 months 1.16, 95% CI 1.10, 1.22). Analyses of combined effects showed a 1.55-fold (95% CI 1.24, 1.93) increased risk of hospitalisation for infection with all three exposures compared to none.
conclusionsPrenatal antibiotic exposure, caesarean birth and shorter breastfeeding duration were each associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation for infection in early childhood, with higher magnitude when multiple exposures occurred.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.