ArticleJournal of applied toxicology : JAT2026
Multipathway Assessment of Heavy Metal Exposure in Urban Dust: Linking Ecological and Human Health Risks.
Article in Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in settled urban dust was investigated across industrial, traffic, and residential areas of Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Twenty-five composite dust samples were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Cu, and Zn using ICP-OES. Industrial areas exhibited the highest metal concentrations, particularly Pb and Cd, followed by traffic and residential zones. Health risk assessment revealed that ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway (> 95%), and children experienced approximately 2.5-fold higher total chronic daily intake (CDI_total) than adults. Noncarcinogenic risk analysis indicated that chromium was the dominant contributor to the hazard quotient (HQ), followed by arsenic and lead, with the highest cumulative hazard index observed for children in industrial areas (HI = 0.670). Carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children exceeded the acceptable threshold (1 × 10
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