ArticleCaries research2026
Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities of Dental Caries Experience among 12-Year-Olds in Chile: An Ecological Cohort Study.
Article in Caries research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionSocioeconomic inequalities in adolescent dental caries remain a major public health concern, even in countries with declining overall prevalence. Chile provides a unique setting to examine these inequalities nationally and assess the potential mitigating role of systemic fluoride delivery programmes. This study aimed to address these gaps by providing a national analysis of dental caries trends among 12-year-olds in Chile from 2009 to 2023 and investigate socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries experience between municipalities.
methodsThis ecological cohort study analysed 1,261,690 dental examinations of 12-year-olds across 325 Chilean municipalities from 2009 to 2023, representing 99.8% of eligible national records. Caries prevalence was modelled against area socioeconomic deprivation (IDSE deciles), adjusting for rurality and systemic fluoride delivery programmes, and weighting for number of total examinations by municipality/year. Inequality metrics included absolute rate difference (ARD), Slope Index of Inequality (SII), and Relative Index of Inequality (RII).
resultsDuring the study period, a strong and persistent socioeconomic gradient was observed: adolescents in the most deprived municipalities had a 17-percentage-point higher caries prevalence than those in the least deprived (β = -0.17, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: -0.20, -0.14). This gradient followed a dose-response pattern and was confirmed by summary measures (ARD = 0.151; RRR = 1.234). Temporal analysis revealed peak inequality pre-2018 (SII = 0.17, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.14), followed by a steady decline post-2018, reaching statistically nonsignificant levels by 2023 (SII = 0.04, 95% CI: -0.15, 0.06). Fluoridation programmes modestly attenuated the deprivation gradient by 24% (β = -0.13), though they explained limited variance (ΔR2 = 0.04).
conclusionSocioeconomic inequalities in dental caries among Chilean adolescents remain substantial, despite national declines in prevalence. While systemic fluoridation contributes to modest reductions in inequality, structural determinants are the primary drivers of persistent inequalities.
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