Birth weight, ototoxic medication, and surgical history predict individual hearing loss risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Hearing loss (HL) impairs sound perception and includes sensorineural, conductive, and mixed subtypes. Compared with healthy newborns, infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at substantially increased risk of congenital anomalies and exposure to HL-related risk factors. However, the specific determinants of neonatal HL remain controversial. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to identify risk factors linked to HL in neonates admitted to the NICU. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched from March 26, 1996, to February 25, 2025. Eligible studies were English-language retrospective studies employing multivariate logistic regression to evaluate potential risk factors for HL in NICU neonates. Meta-analyses were conducted using STATA, and pooled estimates were reported as odds ratios or relative risks (OR/RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: This study included 21 retrospective studies with a total of 21,143 participants. Meta-analysis indicated that very low birth weight (<1,500 g), exposure to ototoxic drugs (aminoglycosides, loop diuretics), history of the surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), craniofacial anomalies, family history of HL, and TORCH infections were significantly associated with HL in NICU neonates (all Conclusion: Statistically significant risk factors for HL included craniofacial anomalies, family history of HL, TORCH infections, and surgical ligation of PDA, as well as hyperbilirubinemia, exposure to loop diuretics and other ototoxic drugs, mechanical ventilation, and very low birth weight (<1,500 g) (all Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/search, PROSPERO CRD420250653476.