ArticleResearch square2026
Experimental characterization of high-strain-rate viscoelastic and damage behavior in anisotropic soft materials using laser-induced inertial cavitation.
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Abstract
Background: Characterizing soft materials at ultra-high strain rates (> 10 Objective: The objective of this study is to develop and validate an experimental method that is based on laser-induced inertial cavitation and enables quantitative measurement of anisotropic soft materials and biological tissues at ultra-high strain rates, while explicitly accounting for fiber-directional mechanics and damage evolution. Methods: LIC experiments were performed in synthetic anisotropic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels and fresh chicken breast tissue using nanosecond-duration pulsed lasers to generate ultra-high-rate deformation. Simultaneously, cavitation bubble dynamics were captured using ultra-high-speed videography at 1-2 million frames per second. Two nonlinear hyper-viscoelastic constitutive models (a Poynting-Thomson model and a generalized Maxwell model) were developed and integrated with the measured bubble dynamics to quantify fiber-directional material response and investigate rate-dependent damage mechanisms. In addition, complementary quasistatic and oscillatory shear rheometry tests were conducted to provide low-rate mechanical benchmarks and investigate the rate dependency of soft materials' mechanical behavior. Results: LIC experiments revealed pronounced anisotropic bubble dynamics, with preferential elongation along fiber directions in both PVA hydrogels and chicken breast tissue. Model-based fitting of major-axis bubble radius-time histories enabled the extraction of effective ultra-high-rate directional moduli and critical stretch thresholds for damage initiation. Comparison between constitutive models demonstrated that while viscoelastic relaxation is necessary to capture high-rate damping, incorporation of directional damage is essential to accurately reproduce experimental observations in soft materials and biological tissues.
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