Observational studyFrontiers in immunology2026
Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with long-lasting increase in circulating IL-32 levels.
Observational study in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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14 authors.
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Abstract
Background & aims: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic viral replication to hyper-inflammatory syndrome and respiratory failure and can trigger immune disorders and long-COVID. Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine induced during viral infections and chronic pulmonary disease. Aim: Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and severe COVID-19 on circulating IL-32 levels. Study design: Observational retrospective biomarker study. Patients & methods: We analyzed 949 healthy blood donors (pre-pandemic and pandemic-era) and 212 patients hospitalized due to severe COVID-19 during the first five infection waves. IL-32 levels were measured by ELISA. Results: Pandemic-era blood plasma donors showed a +0.78 ± 0.09 log Conclusions: IL-32 levels increased following COVID-19, especially during the initial severe wave, and correlated with some markers of inflammation. IL-32 remained elevated up to one-year post-discharge, suggesting ongoing inflammation and supporting its potential as a biomarker for long-term sequelae.
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