Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41727398›Full record

ArticleJournal of pharmaceutical analysis2026

Large-scale evaluation of HIV-1 DNA drug resistance testing as a robust tool for clinical decision-making: A nationwide study in China.

Caihong Wu, Limin Zhang, Zhong Chen, Wencui Ma, Yanhua Fu, Ke Yang, Mei Liu, Yanjun Li, Xiaohong Chen, Mingjie Hou and 21 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of pharmaceutical analysis, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

31 authors.

Caihong WuState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Limin ZhangState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Zhong ChenState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Wencui MaState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Yanhua FuDepartment of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
Ke YangDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of HIV/AIDS, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410005, China.
Mei LiuDepartment of Antiviral Therapy, The First People's Hospital of Yuexi County, Liangshan, Sichuan, 615000, China.
Yanjun LiDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530023, China.
Xiaohong ChenDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
Mingjie HouDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Henan Infectious Disease Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450015, China.
Min LiuDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400036, China.
Aihua DengJiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang, 330000, China.
Qingxia ZhaoDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Henan Infectious Disease Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450015, China.
Lukun ZhangThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
Quan WangDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Infectious Disease Hospital, Urumqi, 830000, China.
Jun PengState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Yongli LiDongguan Institute of Microscale and Precision Medical Measurement Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
Keji DengState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Jingsong BaiDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, 650500, China.
Hai LongDepartment of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
Yaokai ChenDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400036, China.
Hui WangThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
Yun HeThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
Jin LiDepartment of Infectious Disease, The Ninth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523076, China.
Jiahui GuoState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Bianchuan CaoDepartment of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
Yizhi CuiState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Min WangDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of HIV/AIDS, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410005, China.
Tuofu ZhuState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
Jun YaoNational Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
Tong WangState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance remains a major challenge in HIV/AIDS management, particularly in individuals with low-level viremia (LLV) where RNA-based drug resistance testing (DRT) often fails. Although HIV-1 DNA DRT represents a promising alternative, its clinical utility has been constrained by insufficient evidence. This nationwide study in China enrolled 9,428 people living with HIV (PLWH), analyzing 10,903 samples spanning a wide viral load (VL) spectrum. To improve RNA detection, an optimized primer design combined with an extracellular particle (EP)-HIV co-isolation technique was developed. We then evaluated the reproducibility of drug resistance mutation (DRM) profiles between paired RNA and DNA DRTs using Sanger sequencing (SS), with single-molecule sequencing employed to establish a dominant sequence threshold. Our findings demonstrated that primer optimization and EP-co-isolation significantly enhanced RNA amplification success. DRMs were prevalent across all VL strata. The combined concordance and degeneracy rates (C/D rates) (where multiple DNA DRMs included all RNA-derived DRMs) between RNA and DNA DRTs ranged from 90.4% to 100% in different gene regions, with higher discordance rates observed in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-NRTI (NNRTI) regions. Based on Stanford penalty scores across 25 antiretroviral drugs, the degeneracy group showed a 98.3% ± 1.7% interpretation agreement. Even within the discordance group, mean agreement remained high (89.5% ± 5.0%), with only four NNRTIs exhibiting agreement below 85%. The dominant sequence proportion threshold for HIV-1 DNA was determined to be 24.6%. This study provides strong evidence supporting the integration of HIV-1 DNA DRT into clinical practice for reliable drug resistance surveillance and treatment monitoring.

Indexed as

Dominant sequenceDrug resistance mutationsHIV-1 DNAReproducibilitySanger sequencing

Identifiers

PMID41727398
PMCPMC12924009

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.