ArticlePeerJ2026
Probiotic-infused activated charcoal/ hydroxyapatite microbeads: a novel strategy to disinfection.
Article in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: To develop a non-toxic, probiotic-infused activated charcoal/hydroxyapatite microbeads (PIMD) formulated with activated charcoal and hydroxyapatite. The formulation is designed to establish a stable probiotic biofilm on high-risk surfaces, such as medical sink basins and food cutting boards. Its dual mechanism aims to achieve rapid pathogen inhibition and long-term protection through sustained competitive exclusion, including against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Methods: An applied study was conducted in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia (January 2021-May 2025) employing probiotic-based biotechnology to engineer spatially segregated microenvironments using activated charcoal-hydroxyapatite microbeads. The study integrated ecological modeling concepts-including Gause's competitive exclusion principle, Lotka-Volterra dynamics and agent-based cross-feeding simulations-with antimicrobial sensitivity assays and surface disinfection trials. Twelve probiotic strains capable of competitively excluding pathogens and producing antimicrobial compounds were encapsulated within activated charcoal and hydroxyapatite porous microbeads. The efficacy of the novel disinfectant was evaluated on stainless steel sink basins, food-grade cutting boards, and culture plates challenged with 43 pathogenic strains. Results: The PIMD formulation remained physically stable under storage conditions, with probiotic viability largely preserved at -20 °C (0.46 log Conclusion: PIMD represents a dual-action strategy combining rapid disinfection with sustainable microbial balance, for reducing reliance on antibiotics and chemical disinfectants while enhancing surface safety in diverse environments such as healthcare, food facilities, and beyond.
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