ArticleACS omega2026
Utilizing Petroleum Coke for Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and Produced Water Treatment - Targeting Dissolved Organics and Iron Removal.
Article in ACS omega, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Responsible hydraulic fracturing is important for the future of Canada's oil and gas sector. Hydraulic fracturing operations use significant amounts of water. The flowback and produced water from hydraulic fracturing operations contain toxic chemicals and is stored on site. Alberta Energy Regulator records hundreds of surface spills of flowback and produced water per year. Nevertheless, to promote water reuse during hydraulic fracturing operations and reduce costs, industry uses fit-for-purpose water treatment methods to treat the flowback and produced water, targeting suspended solids and dissolved solids. In addition, the recent interest in the lithium content in hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water has stimulated direct lithium extraction technology development across Canada. However, most of these technologies require a certain degree of organic removal. Traditional water treatment technologies are costly, and as such, further development in low-cost water treatment techniques is crucial to treat and reuse flowback and produced water. In this study, we utilized waste materials (i.e., petroleum coke) from the oil sands industry for hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water treatment by employing an in-house coke activation method. Flowback and produced water samples from different locations in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin were analyzed and compared using a suite of analytical techniques. Dissolved organics were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry using nontargeted analysis methods. The organic and iron removal efficiencies of different activated carbon products were compared. Results indicate that the surface area of coke is the primary factor influencing its adsorption capacity for dissolved organics; however, it does not significantly impact the efficiency of iron removal. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of using petroleum coke for treating flowback and produced water, laying grounds for development of low-cost treatment technologies.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.