ReviewCentral European journal of urology2025
Regulatory T cells in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Immune modulators, prognostic markers, and therapeutic targets.
Review in Central European journal of urology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by a high recurrence rate and variable response to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a specialized subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing FOXP3, play a crucial role in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment by suppressing anti-tumor immune responses. Their presence in NMIBC has been associated with both immune evasion and, paradoxically, potential protective effects under specific conditions.This review examines the role of Tregs in NMIBC, focusing on their impact on the tumor microenvironment, prognosis, and therapeutic potential. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed to analyze studies on Tregs in NMIBC, including their immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic targeting strategies. Results: Tregs suppress anti-tumor immunity through cytokine secretion (interleukin-10, tumor growth factor β), metabolic adaptations, and inhibition of CD8+ T cells. High FOXP3+ Treg levels are associated with increased recurrence and progression, particularly post-BCG. PD-L1+ Tregs contribute to BCG resistance, making them a potential target for immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapies. Conclusions: Tregs are key modulators of NMIBC progression and treatment response. Targeting their suppressive functions may enhance immunotherapy outcomes and improve patient prognosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.