ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2026
Pre and post introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children in Eastern Mediterranean Region and effect on antimicrobial resistance, a narrative review.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing public health challenge in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), with Objective: This review examines the impact of PCVs on AMR, serotype distribution, and vaccine coverage in pediatric populations within the EMR, emphasizing the interplay between vaccination strategies and AMR trends. Content: The introduction of PCVs, particularly PCV13, has led to reductions in vaccine-type IPD and AMR in several EMR countries. For example, post-PCV13 penicillin susceptibility in Saudi Arabia improved from 37 to 100% in invasive isolates, and Lebanon reported significant reductions in vaccine-type AMR. However, challenges such as inconsistent vaccination coverage (e.g., 76% in Yemen, absent in Egypt), socio-political instability, and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) as per shown in the 73.5% of isolates in Omani children and the high multidrug resistance (MDR) rates (e.g., 85.7% in Yemen) undermine these benefits. Serotype replacement phenomena, driven by ecological shifts, are increasingly contributing to disease burden and AMR. While PCVs reduce the need for antibiotics and limit selective pressures driving resistance, high rates of MDR and inadequate antibiotic stewardship remain concerns. Strengthened vaccination programs, high-valency vaccines, and robust surveillance systems are critical to addressing these challenges. Conclusion: PCVs play a pivotal role in mitigating AMR and reducing pneumococcal disease burden in the EMR. However, suboptimal vaccine coverage, NVT emergence, and persistent AMR highlight the need for comprehensive strategies, including enhanced coverage of higher valency vaccines, robust surveillance, targeted public health interventions, strengthened antibiotic stewardship, and improved regional collaboration. Addressing these issues can significantly reduce the AMR burden and improve health outcomes across the region.
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