Perceptions, knowledge and beliefs of women regarding second-hand smoke exposure: a qualitative study to identify approaches for change.

Purpose: This study aims to reveal women's perceptions, knowledge levels, beliefs, and exposure experiences regarding second-hand smoke (SHS) and to examine their protective strategies accordingly. Method: The research was conducted in Türkiye between March and August 2025. Ten women, mostly university graduates and aged between 30 and 42 (mean age = 34.7), participated in the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview form, audio recordings were analysed, and thematic analysis was used. Findings: Although none of the participants smoked, they were found to be regularly exposed to SHS through their spouses, family members, or public spaces. The analysis revealed five main themes: (1) Awareness of and Perceived Harm from SHS, (2) Gender, Patriarchal Structure, and Silence, (3) The Permeability of Boundaries: "Smoke is Everywhere," (4) Resistance Strategies: Creating Smoke-Free Sanctuaries, and (5) The System's Response: From the Visible to the Deeper Issues. Findings indicate that women demonstrate active resistance by making their homes smoke-free and raising awareness among their children; however, patriarchal relations, cultural norms, and lack of counselling in the healthcare system limit these efforts. Conclusion: SHS exposure continues to be a significant public health problem for women and children. For women's individual awareness and resistance efforts to be effective, the role of counselling by health professionals must be strengthened, public awareness campaigns must be increased, and more comprehensive policies must be developed to include domestic and private spaces.