ArticleBiology of sex differences2026
Nationwide analysis on sex differences in diagnosis, treatment and survival of rectal cancer.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveLimited literature is available comparing sexes in rectal cancer. This nationwide study using real-world data was performed to evaluate sex-based differences in diagnosis, treatment and survival outcomes in rectal cancer.
methodsData from the Netherlands Cancer Registry were analyzed for patients diagnosed with rectal adenocarcinoma between 2015 and 2019. Patient and tumor characteristics, treatment strategies, response to neoadjuvant therapy, and survival outcomes were compared between sexes.
resultsThe cohort consisted of 22251 patients (37.1% women, 62.9% men). Women more frequently presented with cT4 tumors (16% vs. 11%, P < 0.001) but no differences were observed in nodal status, distant metastases, use of neoadjuvant (chemo) radiotherapy and radicality in resections between sexes. In the total study population, 5-year survival did not differ significantly (63.6% in women vs. 61.6% in men, P=0.23). However, in surgically treated patients, survival was higher in women (77.4% vs. 75.0%, P=0.019). Female sex was an independent predictor for survival in surgically treated patients (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82-0.98). In the subgroup of patients who were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis [n=1320], there were no sex-based differences in presentation, treatment, or survival (5-year overall survival: 78.8% vs. 80.4%, P=0.45).
conclusionSex-based differences exist in rectal cancer presentation and outcome. Women are more likely to present a more advanced T-stage. Despite this, women have a better overall survival after surgical treatment. In contrast, men and women undergoing treatment for asymptomatic rectal cancer have comparable outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.