ArticleScientific reports2026
Marginal zone B cells mediate humoral immunity in vaccine-induced versus naturally acquired immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The role of marginal zone B (MZB) cells in SARS-CoV-2 immunity remains unclear, particularly in comparing vaccine-induced responses to natural infection. MZB cells are crucial for rapid antibody responses, but their contributions to vaccine-induced immunity, especially in the elderly, are not fully understood. MZB-deficient (FcµR-/-) mice were immunized with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-conjugated virus-like particles (VLPs). B cell receptor repertoire (BCR) profiles and antibody levels were assessed using ELISA, flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing. Human peripheral blood samples were collected from vaccinated individuals and unvaccinated elderly patients with Omicron infection. Vaccinated blood samples were collected at four time points: Pre-vaccine, Post-2nd dose (7 days), 6 months post-2nd, Post-booster (7 days). Infected patient samples were collected during acute and recovery phases. All samples were analyzed using hypersensitive chemiluminescence immunoassays, protein microarrays and flow cytometry. MZB cell deficiency in mice reduced splenic BCR repertoire diversity. In vaccinated individuals, total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including IgG, IgM and RBD-ACE2 competitive neutralization surrogate response peaked at Post-2nd dose (7 days), declined at Post-2nd dose (7 days), and increased significantly at Post-booster (7 days). Protein microarray analysis confirmed vaccine-induced antibodies targeting RBD and spike proteins. Significant expansion was observed in the percentage of MZB cells (CD21+CD23-) and follicular helper T cells (Tfh, ICOS+CXCR5+) at Post-booster (7 days), accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of follicular B cells (FoB, CD21-CD23+) in PBMCs. In contrast, unvaccinated elderly Omicron-infected individuals showed increased MZB cells during recovery compared to acute infection. MZB cells contribute to humoral immunity after both SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and natural infection. The delayed immune response in elderly individuals with natural infection underscores the importance of prioritizing vaccination for timely protection in this vulnerable group.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.