SynthesisAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2026
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Recurrence of Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Synthesis in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAutoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a disease with a potential for recurrence, and patients receive immunotherapy to prevent it. However, there is no consensus on the duration of immunotherapy. This study aimed to determine the recurrence rate and identify the risk factors for AE to provide guidance on the duration of immunotherapy.
methodsA comprehensive search of the Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PubMed databases was conducted from database inception until January 18, 2025, to identify clinical studies and observational studies reporting the recurrence of AE. Data on recurrence rates across different AE subtypes, age groups, treatments, and follow-up durations were aggregated. A generalized linear model was employed for regression and multivariate regression analyses.
resultsOf the 7892 publications initially identified, 39 observational studies were ultimately included. The overall recurrence rate of AE was 0.162 (95% CI, 0.121-0.207). The recurrence rate for anti-NMDAR encephalitis was 0.148 (95% CI, 0.108-0.193) and significantly decreased after teratoma removal. Second-line treatment decreased the AE recurrence rate. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that having anti-LGI1 encephalitis, age, and shorter delayed treatment duration were risk factors for recurrence. After 1 year of follow-up, the recurrence rate did not increase.
interpretationBased on the findings, we recommend proactive second-line immunotherapy for patients with AE to reduce recurrence rates, particularly for those with anti-LGI1 encephalitis and adult individuals. Immunotherapy maintenance over 1 year may not be required.
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