Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41721914›Full record

ArticleJournal of neuro-oncology2026

Multidimensional cognitive reserve and cognitive outcomes in glioblastoma: a pre- and postoperative analysis.

Sophie Rauch, Yizhou Wan, Ajay Halai, Tom Manly, Haiyan Zheng, Roxanne Mayrand, Rohitashwa Sinha, Alexis Joannides, Richard Mair, Robert Morris and 3 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Sophie RauchCambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. sr2075@cam.ac.uk.
Yizhou WanCambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Ajay HalaiMRC Cognition Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
Tom ManlyMRC Cognition Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
Haiyan ZhengDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
Roxanne MayrandCambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Rohitashwa SinhaCambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Alexis JoannidesDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Richard MairDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Robert MorrisDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Thomas SantariusDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Matthew Lambon-RalphMRC Cognition Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
Stephen J PriceCambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Funding

National Institute for Health and Care Research Career Development Fellowship (CDF-2018-11-ST2-003)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumour in adults. One factor which is widely considered to have protective effects for cognition in age-related decline is cognitive reserve. However, little research has been done into the relationship between cognitive reserve and cognitive function in GBM. We investigated whether a multidimensional construct of cognitive reserve predicts cognitive outcomes before and after surgery.

method43 adult patients with GBM (mean age = 62) took the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire and participated in the OCS-BRIDGE cognitive screen at preoperatively, at 72 h and 6–8 weeks postoperatively. Linear regressions and mediation analyses assessed the relationship between cognitive reserve proxies (education, work and leisure) and cognitive performance across domains.

resultsHigher overall cognitive reserve significantly predicted better preoperative performance in global deficit, executive function, memory and recognition memory. Mediation analysis revealed that education had a direct effect on executive function, independent of lifestyle activities. Postoperatively, most protective effects of cognitive reserve diminished. However, recognition memory at 72 h remained significantly associated with cognitive reserve, specifically work and leisure activities, as revealed by the mediation analysis.

conclusionCognitive reserve protects against tumour-related cognitive deficits, and in executive function, this is primarily driven by education. In contrast, “active” reserve components, such as work and leisure, may support recognition memory during the acute postoperative phase. These findings highlight the distinct clinical utility of multidimensional reserve assessment for preoperative risk stratification and potential prehabilitation.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsCognitionCognition DisordersCognitive ReserveGlioblastomaAdultAgedExecutive FunctionFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsPostoperative PeriodPrognosisCognitionCognitive reserveGlioblastomaNeuropsychological assessment

Identifiers

PMID41721914
PMCPMC12924871

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.