Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41721854›Full record

ArticleGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2026

Risk of mental health disorders following traumatic ocular and orbital injury.

Osama Elaraby, Melissa Yuan, Ehsan Rahimy, Euna Koo, Chase A Ludwig, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Karen M Wai

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Osama ElarabyByers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Melissa YuanByers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Ehsan RahimyByers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Euna KooByers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Chase A LudwigByers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Prithvi MruthyunjayaByers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Karen M WaiByers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, USA. kwai@stanford.edu.

Funding

Stanford Vision Research CoreP30EY026877 · NEI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Jeffrey L Goldberg · 2017 to 2026
$8.0M
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY026877
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTraumatic ocular injuries may lead to short- and long-term psychiatric consequences; however, the risk of developing mental health disorders after such injuries is not well defined. This study aimed to determine the incidence rates of mental health disorders following traumatic ocular or orbital injury compared to matched controls.

methodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we used electronic health records from a federated database covering 20 years, through December 5, 2025. Patients with ocular or orbital trauma were matched by age, sex, and race to controls who underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations. Patients with preexisting psychiatric diagnoses were excluded.

resultsA total of 28,957 patients with traumatic ocular or orbital injury and ≥ 1 year of follow-up were included. The mean (SD) age at injury was 42.80 (25.60) years; 71.13% were male, and 65.60% were White. At 30 days, trauma patients had higher risks of depression (relative risk (RR), 2.07; P < 0.01), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (RR, 2.01; P = 0.04), and substance use (RR, 5.31; P < 0.01. At six months, suicidal ideation risk was increased (RR, 2.41; P < 0.01), along with persistently elevated risks of depression, PTSD, and substance use compared to controls. Elevated risks across all outcomes persisted through 1 year and at 5 and 10 years, with attenuation seen only for PTSD during long-term follow-up.

conclusionPatients with ocular and orbital trauma face an increased risk of depression, PTSD, substance use disorders, and suicidal ideation. These findings support early psychiatric screening and long-term mental health monitoring.

Indexed as

Eye InjuriesMental DisordersOrbitAdultFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsUnited StatesYoung AdultDepressionOcular traumaOrbital traumaPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Substance use disorderSuicide

Identifiers

PMID41721854

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.