Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41721850›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of legal medicine2026

Death by hanging: possibilities and limits of medico-legal evidence.

Stefan Pollak, Markus Große Perdekamp, Annette Thierauf-Emberger

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of legal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Stefan PollakInstitute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
Markus Große PerdekampInstitute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, Freiburg, 79104, Germany. markus.perdekamp@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
Annette Thierauf-EmbergerInstitute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In forensic medicine, hanging is a frequent cause of non-natural death which may pose diagnostic problems on the investigator due to the manifold and sometimes ambiguous autopsy findings. The great variability of appearances potentially impedes the classification as to the manner of death (suicide, accident, homicide). The significance of some signs formerly considered to prove vital suspension could not always be confirmed in more recent studies. Therefore, traditional conception passed on from generation to generation must be critically questioned and, if necessary, replaced by evidence-based knowledge derived from systematic evaluations of relevant case material and laboratory tests, where appropriate. Bearing in mind the numerous possible misinterpretations, a dogmatic view must be avoided in favour of a cautious and holistic assessment. The review presented here provides an overview of problem areas based on the pertinent literature, photographic material of real cases and the authors' professional experience.

Indexed as

AsphyxiaNeck InjuriesForensic MedicineForensic PathologyHumansHyoid BoneDeath by hangingDiagnosis criteriaSigns of vitality

Identifiers

PMID41721850
PMCPMC13161347

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.