Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41720976›Full record

Observational studyEye (London, England)2026

Epidemiology and risk factors for corneal blindness in China: a multicentre retrospective study of 15,937 inpatients.

He Xie, Xiaoyu Zhang, Kexin Tang, Kaisheng Wang, Chenxi Wang, Ruifen Wei, Jie Wu, Hai Liu, Qi Zhang, Baihua Chen and 22 more

Abstract readMulticenter StudyObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Eye (London, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Exosomes in corneal diseases: advances in diagnosis and therapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

32 authors.

He Xie *Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Xiaoyu Zhang *School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Kexin TangDepartment of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Kaisheng WangDepartment of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Chenxi WangDepartment of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Ruifen WeiDepartment of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Jie WuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern University, The Xi'an First Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Hai LiuDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Qi ZhangDepartment of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Baihua ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Jinsong XueDepartment of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Huiping LiDepartment of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
Feng WenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Institute, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
He DongDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian & Dalian Municipal Eye Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
Tao SunDepartment of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Province Division of National Clinical Research Center of Ocular Disease, The Affiliated eye hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
Jizhong YangDepartment of Cornea, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
Yanning YangDepartment of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Limin ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
Shaozhen ZhaoCorneal & Refractive Surgery Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7646-2699
Zhirong LiuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Pengcheng WuDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
Yingnan XuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Wei QiangDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Institute, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
Qi XieDepartment of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Province Division of National Clinical Research Center of Ocular Disease, The Affiliated eye hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
Yuping HanDepartment of Cornea, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
Linying HuangDepartment of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Hui LiuCorneal & Refractive Surgery Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Man YuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Chenhang DingDepartment of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Gang ChenFirst People's Hospital of Aksu, Aksu, Xinjiang, China.
Yan ChengDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern University, The Xi'an First Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. kathycheng0918@163.com.
Wei ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. chenweimd@wmu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-6721

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of inpatients with corneal blindness in China and identify independent risk factors.

methodsThis multicentre, retrospective, observational study was conducted by 16 clinical centres in 15 provincial-level administrative regions across China. Inpatients discharged with a primary diagnosis of corneal disease between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021, were included. The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with corneal blindness were evaluated, and risk factors were identified via multivariate regression analysis. Regional variations in the corneal blindness and keratoplasty rates were also assessed.

resultsA total of 15,937 patients with corneal diseases were analysed; 9272 of these patients (58.18%) had corneal blindness. Most patients were male (6614 [71.33%]), with a median age of 55 years (IQR 45-66). The most common types of corneal blindness were keratitis (5141 [55.45%]) and corneal injury (3153 [34.01%]). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that male sex (aOR 1.171, 95% CI 1.081-1.268), older age (aOR 1.021, 95% CI 1.019-1.024), rural residence (aOR 1.348, 95% CI 1.254-1.448), lack of medical insurance (aOR 1.215, 95% CI 1.123-1.314), living in the western region (aOR 1.247, 95% CI 1.152-1.350) and having coexisting glaucoma (aOR 2.288, 95% CI 1.890-2.768) were risk factors for corneal blindness. The western region had the highest percentage of corneal blindness cases (p < 0.001, 61.23%) but the lowest percentage of keratoplasty cases (p < 0.001, 24.68%).

conclusionsThe study on identifying risk factors for corneal blindness provides evidence for optimising clinical decision-making and may contribute to reducing the incidence of corneal blindness.

Indexed as

BlindnessCorneal DiseasesInpatientsAdolescentAdultAgedAge DistributionChildChinaCorneal TransplantationFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective Studies

Identifiers

PMID41720976
PMCPMC13161216

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.