Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41720953›Full record

ReviewNpj imaging2026

Standardizing clinical trials in near-infrared fluorescence imaging: a workflow and regulatory framework proposal.

Lisanne K A Neijenhuis, Tom H Dijkhuis, Michael J Mandella, Samuel J S Rubin, Jacobus Burggraaf, Alexander L Vahrmeijer, Stephan Rogalla

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Npj imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Lisanne K A NeijenhuisDepartment of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Tom H DijkhuisDepartment of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Michael J MandellaDepartment of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Samuel J S RubinDepartment of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Jacobus BurggraafDepartment of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Alexander L VahrmeijerDepartment of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Stephan RogallaDepartment of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. srogalla@stanford.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR) is an emerging imaging modality that enhances the real-time, precise visualization of (pre)cancerous tissue during surgical and endoscopic procedures. Despite its growing adoption, the lack of standardized protocols in clinical trials hinders the comparability of results and broader clinical adaptation. This manuscript identifies key factors influencing fluorescence signal variability, categorizing them into non-adaptable and adaptable. We propose a comprehensive workflow and guidelines to standardize clinical trial protocols, ensuring reproducibility and facilitating regulatory approval. As a Perspective, we outline a standardization framework-rather than new clinical datasets-to advance NIR imaging toward routine clinical use and improved patient outcomes.

Identifiers

PMID41720953
PMCPMC12923873

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.