Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41720794›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Antibody waning and Bordetella pertussis resurgence after the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands.

Channah M Gaasbeek, Eric R A Vos, Annika M van Roon, Dimphey van Meijeren, Gaby Smits, Marjan Kuijer, Marion Koopmans, Hester de Melker, Fiona R M van der Klis, Rob van Binnendijk and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Surveillance and vaccine effectiveness of pertussis, the Netherlands, 2012 to 2024, with an unprecedented surge in 2023 and 2024.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Channah M GaasbeekCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-8809-2241
Eric R A VosCentre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Annika M van RoonCentre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Dimphey van MeijerenCentre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Gaby SmitsCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Marjan KuijerCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-5790
Marion KoopmansDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-2312
Hester de MelkerCentre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Fiona R M van der KlisCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Rob van BinnendijkCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Gerco den HartogCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. Gerco.den.hartog@rivm.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2103-6315

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

After relative absence of Bordetella pertussis during the COVID-19 pandemic, notifications in the Netherlands were increased from May 2023 till September 2024. We monitored the largest pertussis outbreak in decades and investigated underlying immunological dynamics based on IgG and IgA antibodies against pertussis antigens (Ptx, FHA & Prn). We analyzed serum from 418 participants (2-87 years) at five timepoints (November 2022-October 2024) from a nationwide prospective serosurveillance study (PIENTER-Corona). Weighted incidence over two years was 6.3% (95% CI: 4.4-8.2) in the Dutch population, and 35% (95% CI: 26.2-44.6) in 6-18y-olds. Children aged 6-12 years, who received a booster vaccination at 4 years, showed lowest anti-Ptx IgG concentrations after the period of reduced circulation. Infected individuals had lower pre-infection anti-FHA IgG and IgA concentrations than matched uninfected individuals. Prolonged coughing was reported by 16% of the infected individuals. Our findings highlight the B. pertussis outbreak was preceded by waning immunity, particularly after acellular pertussis booster vaccination. The small proportion of symptomatic infections implies sufficient protection by the vaccine against disease but not transmission.

Indexed as

Antibodies, BacterialBordetella pertussisCOVID-19Whooping CoughAdolescentAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansImmunization, SecondaryImmunoglobulin AImmunoglobulin GMaleMiddle AgedNetherlandsAntibodies, BacterialImmunoglobulin AImmunoglobulin GPertussis Vaccine

Identifiers

PMID41720794
PMCPMC13035834

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.