Trial reportThe Journal of international medical research2026
The 90% effective dose of spinal ropivacaine for external cephalic version: A sequential dose-finding study.
Trial report in The Journal of international medical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
ObjectiveAlthough spinal anesthesia can improve the success of external cephalic version, the optimal analgesic dose of ropivacaine remains undefined, and higher doses may increase potential risks. This study aimed to determine the 90% effective dose of intrathecal ropivacaine for external cephalic version.MethodsIn this double-blind, prospective, sequential dose-finding study, 40 parturients scheduled for external cephalic version received spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine (initial dose, 2.5 mg) combined with 10 µg fentanyl. Subsequent doses were determined using a biased coin up-and-down design based on the analgesic efficacy outcome of the preceding participant. Efficacy was defined as a procedural visual analog scale pain score ≤30 mm. The 90% effective dose was estimated using isotonic regression and bootstrapping.ResultsThe estimated 90% effective dose of intrathecal ropivacaine co-administered with 10 µg fentanyl was 3.22 mg (95% confidence interval: 2.80-3.36). The median (interquartile range) visual analog scale scores were 30.0 (20.0, 42.5), 30.0 (20.0, 30.0), and 10.0 (10.0, 25.0) mm in the 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 mg dose groups, respectively (
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