SynthesisNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026
Natural compounds as immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Plant-Derived Compounds as Potential Sensitizers to Immunotherapy in Melanoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Melanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer, poses significant therapeutic challenges despite advances in immunotherapy. Natural compounds have emerged as promising adjuncts for modulating immune checkpoint pathways, including PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3. A systematic review was conducted from inception to July 2025, searching the Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus. MeSH terms and keywords encompassed immune checkpoints, natural compounds (e.g., phytochemicals), and melanoma. We included original studies investigating natural compounds in melanoma models that reported outcomes related to immune checkpoint modulation. Nineteen preclinical studies met the inclusion criteria. Flavonoids (quercetin, apigenin, and luteolin) inhibited PD-L1 via JAK2/STAT3 and IFN-γ/STAT1 suppression. Emerging bioactive sources such as Polygonum minus and drimenol were identified as multi-target agents capable of reprogramming the tumor microenvironment. Alkaloids such as berberine promoted PD-L1 degradation through the CSN5-ubiquitin-proteasome axis. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems, particularly calcium carbonate nanoparticles, enhanced bioavailability and achieved synergistic efficacy with reduced systemic toxicity, highlighting a key strategy for clinical translation. Natural compounds offer a multi-targeted strategy to overcome melanoma resistance. While current preclinical evidence is promising, it remains hypothesis-generating. The findings suggest that phytochemicals can modulate multiple checkpoints with a favorable safety profile. Future research must focus on rigorous clinical trials to establish standardized dosing and validate safety margins for translating these agents into effective personalized melanoma immunotherapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41718747What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.