ArticleSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026
Macrophage Phenotype-Dependent Protein Corona Formation Governs Ligand Accessibility and Immune Clearance of Biomimetic Nanoparticles.
Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biomimetic membrane-coated metal nanoplatforms for enhanced BBB penetration and targeted glioblastoma therapy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Engineering Morphological Anisotropy to Control the In Vivo Transport Dynamics, Clearance, and Biodistribution of Silica Nanocarriers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation after stroke: initiation, amplification and therapeutic prospects.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The phenotype of source cells used for membrane coating fundamentally influences the biointerfacing behavior of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the formation of a protein corona (PC) in biological fluids plays a pivotal role in dictating the in vivo fate of nanoparticles. Yet, how macrophage phenotypes influence PC composition and, in turn, dictate the clearance of biomimetic nanoparticles remains underexplored. Here, we prepared magnetic silica nanoparticles (SMNs) coated with membranes from M0, M1, and M2 macrophages (denoted as M0@SMNs, M1@SMNs, and M2@SMNs) to elucidate phenotype-dependent PC fingerprints and their impact on immune recognition and clearance. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that M0@SMNs exhibited superior immune evasion, reduced hepatic clearance, and prolonged blood retention. Nano-flow cytometry revealed that PC formation masked up to ≈40% of surface membrane proteins. Furthermore, proteomics, Western blotting, and ELISA analyses confirmed that M0@SMNs exhibited minimal adsorption of immune opsonins (C3, IgG, IgM) and triggered the lowest complement activation, which account for their attenuated hepatic clearance. Collectively, these findings identify source cell phenotype as a key determinant of PC composition and clearance fate, thereby offering mechanistic guidance for the rational design of biomimetic nanocarriers. Notably, M0 macrophages confer superior systemic circulation relative to M1 and M2 counterparts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.