Direct Write, Read, and Erase of a Vertical Heterostructure of Graphene-Monolayer Electrolyte-h-BN Using Electric Force Microscopy.

Huiran Wang, Shubham Sukumar Awate, Ke Xu, Susan K Fullerton-Shirey

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Huiran WangDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1820-6945

Shubham Sukumar AwateDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-2169

Ke XuDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-1935

Susan K Fullerton-ShireyDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Funding

Division of Materials Research EPM CAREER #1847808National Science Foundation

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Electric double layer (EDL) gating effectively modulates charge density in two dimensional (2D) crystals; however, the electrolyte is typically deposited on top of the 2D crystal, controlling charge most strongly in the 2D material it contacts directly. Here, a monolayer-thick electrolyte is positioned between two, 2D materials - hexagonal BN (h-BN) and multi-layer graphene - in a vertical heterostack. Ions in the electrolyte are bistable, meaning they can be moved by field-effect closer to either of the 2D crystals and retain doping after the voltage is removed. Electric force microscopy (EFM) is used to write, read, and erase the heterostacks, and map the graphene surface charge with 12 × 12 nm resolution. With graphene as the top layer of the heterostack, ions in the monolayer electrolyte dope the 2D crystal from underneath, inducing sheet densities of 5 × 10

Indexed as

2D materialsatomic force microscopeelectric double layerfield effect transistoriontronicsnonvolatile memory

Identifiers

PMID41718677

DOI10.1002/smll.202511129

PMCPMC13054451

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.