ArticleJournal of eye movement research2026
Influence of Multimodal AR-HUD Navigation Prompt Design on Driving Behavior at F-Type-5 M Intersections.
Article in Journal of eye movement research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
In complex urban traffic environments, the design of multimodal prompts in augmented reality head-up displays (AR-HUDs) plays a critical role in driving safety and operational efficiency. Despite growing interest in audiovisual navigation assistance, empirical evidence remains limited regarding when prompts should be delivered and whether visual and auditory information should remain temporally aligned. To address this gap, this study aims to examine how audiovisual prompt timing and prompt mode influence driving behavior in AR-HUD navigation systems at complex F-type-5 m intersections through a within-subject experimental design. A 2 (prompt mode: synchronized vs. asynchronous) × 3 (prompt timing: -1000 m, -600 m, -400 m) design was employed to assess driver response time, situational awareness, and eye-movement measures, including average fixation duration and fixation count. The results showed clear main effects of both prompt mode and prompt timing. Compared with asynchronous prompts, synchronized prompts consistently resulted in shorter response times, reduced visual demand, and higher situational awareness. Driving performance also improved as prompt timing shifted closer to the intersection, from -1000 m to -400 m. But no significant interaction effects were found, suggesting that prompt mode and prompt timing can be treated as relatively independent design factors. In addition, among the six experimental conditions, the -400 m synchronized condition yielded the most favorable overall performance, whereas the -1000 m asynchronous condition performed worst. These findings indicate that in time-critical and low-tolerance scenarios, such as F-type-5 m intersections, near-distance synchronized multimodal prompts should be prioritized. This study provides empirical support for optimizing prompt timing and cross-modal temporal alignment in AR-HUD systems and offers actionable implications for interface and timing design.
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