ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Protective Effects of Orally Administered
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of diabetes, characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Growing evidence indicates that gut dysbiosis and metabolic imbalance contribute to DKD progression. Methods: SMEVs were isolated and purified using differential centrifugation combined with sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis confirmed their typical bilayer membrane and an average diameter of approximately 163.6 nm. BKS.DB mice were orally administered SMEVs for 6 weeks, followed by evaluation of renal function, histopathology, and molecular markers. Results: SMEV treatment significantly improved glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced proteinuria, alleviated renal dysfunction, and mitigated renal fibrosis in DKD mice. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that SMEVs reshaped the gut microbial community by increasing beneficial taxa and suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Untargeted metabolomics demonstrated that SMEVs reversed DKD-associated metabolic disturbances, characterized by the upregulation of bioactive peptides (eg, Tyr-Leu-His) and unsaturated fatty acids (eg, petroselinic acid), along with the reduction of pro-inflammatory lipids. KEGG enrichment indicated significant modulation of arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and amino acid metabolism pathways. Spearman correlation analysis further revealed strong associations between key microbial taxa and differential metabolites, suggesting coordinated regulation of gut microbiota and metabolism during SMEV-mediated protection. Conclusion: SMEVs significantly improve the pathological progression of DKD by reshaping the intestinal flora, restoring metabolic homeostasis and inhibiting inflammatory and fibrotic responses, providing an experimental basis for the application of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in kidney diseases.
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