ArticleCureus2026
Morphometric Analysis of the Mandibular Condyle and Ramus on Panoramic Radiographs: A Cross-Sectional Study in Hail, Saudi Arabia.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
introductionThe mandibular condyle and ramus exhibit considerable anatomical variation, with morphology influenced by growth, function, occlusion, and age-related remodeling. While cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides high diagnostic accuracy, panoramic radiography remains widely used due to its accessibility and low radiation burden. This study aimed to assess radiographic condylar morphology, measure condylar and ramus dimensions, and examine associations with age, sex, and posterior dentition in adults in Hail, Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 366 digital panoramic radiographs obtained between 2023 and 2024 at the University of Hail dental polyclinics. Condylar shape, condylar height and width, ramus height, total mandibular height, intercondylar distance, and posterior molar presence were recorded bilaterally. Measurements were performed in Sirona Dental Imaging Software (SIDEXIS XG) using standardized landmarks. Associations with sex and age were assessed using chi-square tests, with
resultsThe round condylar morphology was the most common bilaterally - right side: 241 (75.8%) and left side: 262 (71.6%). Ramus height showed significant sexual dimorphism, with higher values in males (
conclusionsPanoramic radiography reliably demonstrated condylar morphology and vertical mandibular dimensions in this population. Round condyles were the predominant morphology, and ramus height was the only parameter consistently exhibiting sexual dimorphism. Age strongly influenced mandibular vertical dimensions and molar presence. Panoramic radiographs remain valuable for population-level screening, though CBCT is necessary when detailed morphometric evaluation is required.
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