ArticleFrontiers in plant science2026
An integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic atlas reveals the temporal regulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis and transport in developing opium poppy capsules.
Article in Frontiers in plant science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: The opium poppy ( Methods: We performed an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis across five defined capsule developmental stages (S1-S5). Transcript-metabolite relationships were examined using global correlation analysis, trend analysis, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). To identify putative BIA transporters, we applied a multi-tiered bioinformatic screening pipeline that combined hub-gene prioritization, transmembrane domain prediction, and functional annotation, followed by qRT-PCR validation of shortlisted candidates. Results: Metabolomic profiling revealed a clear developmental trajectory of BIA accumulation, with S4 emerging as a critical stage for BIA biosynthesis. Terminal alkaloids reached maximal levels at S4 and declined sharply at S5, suggesting the initiation of active transport and/or metabolic conversion at late development. Strong transcript-metabolite concordance enabled robust multi-omics integration. WGCNA identified 32 co-expression modules, among which the steelblue, brown, blue, and white modules showed the strongest associations with BIA metabolites, including the key intermediate thebaine. The integrated screening strategy and qRT-PCR validation ultimately highlighted Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive multi-omics resource and a systematic framework for transporter discovery in P. somniferum capsules. The identification of
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