SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2026
Incidence and influencing factors of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Initial Dosage Optimization of Tacrolimus in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Patients: An Exploratory Study.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is a major cause of poor prognosis in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). This study aims to analyze and evaluate the incidence of PPF and related influencing factors in CTD-ILD. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for studies on the incidence of PPF and influencing factors in CTD-ILD until August 20, 2025. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software. Results: A total of 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis, comprising 20 high-quality studies and 2 medium-quality studies. The incidence of PPF in CTD-ILD was 29% (95% CI: 25% - 34%). Meta-analysis identified Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6: OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.24 - 3.94), human Surfactant Protein D (hSP-D: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.16 - 1.90), Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.13 - 1.93), and Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.34) as risk factors for PPF development. A higher baseline forced vital capacity percentage predicted value (FVC% predicted: OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96 - 0.99) was identified as a protective factor against PPF development. Conclusions: Patients with CTD-ILD are at high risk of developing PPF, and this progression risk is associated with KL-6, hSP-D, MMP-7, and CA-125. Identifying the incidence risk and influencing factors of PPF in CTD-ILD is crucial for early identification of high-risk populations, optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and improving prognosis. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251128274.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.