Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41715240›Full record

ArticleAIDS research and therapy2026

Second-line virologic failure and elevated bilirubin as a potential surrogate marker of ART adherence among people living with HIV in Eastern Uganda.

Simiyu Melap Lynnet, Jacob Stanley Iramiot, Rebecca Nekaka, Patrick Okware, Mary Abwola Olwedo, Joshua Epuitai, Paul Oboth, Herbert Itabangi, Lydia V N Ssenyonga, Julius Nteziyaremye and 1 more

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Article in AIDS research and therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Simiyu Melap LynnetDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
Jacob Stanley IramiotDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda. jiramiot@gmail.com.
Rebecca NekakaDepartment of Community and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
Patrick OkwareDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda.
Mary Abwola OlwedoDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda.
Joshua EpuitaiDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
Paul ObothDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda.
Herbert ItabangiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda.
Lydia V N SsenyongaDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
Julius NteziyaremyeDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda.
David OkiaDepartment of Community and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure remains a challenge in HIV Programs. We conducted a cross-sectional study among people living with HIV on second-line ART in Eastern Uganda to determine the prevalence and associated factors of virological failure and to assess elevated serum bilirubin as a surrogate marker of adherence. The prevalence of virological failure was 7.5%. Elevated bilirubin showed poor sensitivity and specificity for predicting adherence or virological failure. The findings highlight the need for routine viral load monitoring, as bilirubin is not a reliable surrogate marker of treatment adherence or virological failure.

Indexed as

Anti-HIV AgentsBilirubinHIV InfectionsMedication AdherenceAdultBiomarkersCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedTreatment FailureUgandaViral LoadAnti-HIV AgentsBilirubinBiomarkersAnd adherenceElevated bilirubinSecond-line virological failure

Identifiers

PMID41715240
PMCPMC13019743

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.