ArticlePharmaceutical research2026
Regional Extrathoracic Deposition of Inhaled Epinephrine in an Idealized Child Airway: Influence of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Actuator Orifice Diameter.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe actuator orifice diameter (OD) of pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) is known to influence the plume geometry and spray pattern exiting the orifice. Actuator OD has previously been found to influence in vitro regional deposition in an adult extrathoracic airway model for a suspension epinephrine formulation, with smaller OD reducing oral cavity deposition. Whether this effect persists in the smaller extrathoracic airways of school-aged children is unknown.
methodsRegional extrathoracic deposition of epinephrine from pMDIs was investigated using an idealized child mouth-throat geometry. A sectioned version of the Alberta Idealized Child Throat (AICT), divided into analogues of the oral cavity, the pharynx/larynx, and the upper trachea, was used to test pMDIs with small and large ODs (0.22 and 0.44 mm) across a range of inhalation flowrates (10, 30, 60, and 100 L/min), with two inhaler insertion angles (transverse and coaxial). In addition, the effect of increasing ambient humidity on regional extrathoracic deposition was explored with both actuator ODs.
resultsActuator OD strongly influenced in vitro regional extrathoracic deposition in the child model, with the smaller OD decreasing oral cavity deposition, and increasing delivery to the laryngeal region and lungs. While increased ambient humidity influenced in vitro regional extrathoracic deposition, the influence of environmental changes was minor when compared with changes associated with actuator OD.
conclusionOverall, for the suspension epinephrine formulation tested, the reduction in oral cavity deposition observed for the smaller OD actuator was maintained despite varying extrathoracic airway size (child vs. adult) and varying ambient humidity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41714548What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.