Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41714541›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical research2026

The Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) Model: Comparative Analysis of Salbutamol Sulphate Deposition from pMDI, DPI, and Nebuliser Versus the NGI.

Patrick He, Hazel Lam, Damien Chong, Shaokoon Cheng, Patrick Spicer, Paul Michael Young, Lois Ledo, Daniela Traini, Hui Xin Ong

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Patrick HeRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-5490
Hazel LamRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Damien ChongDefence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia.
Shaokoon ChengSchool of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
Patrick SpicerSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Paul Michael YoungMacquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Lois LedoDefence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia.
Daniela TrainiRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Hui Xin OngRespiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. huixin.ong@mq.edu.au.

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) APP1173363
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeIn vitro respiratory models such as the Next Generation Impactor (NGI), remain the gold standard for aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) testing, however, they lack the anatomical complexity, limiting their ability to replicate in vivo deposition. To address this limitation, the Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) model, a physiologically relevant benchtop system incorporating anatomically accurate silicone casts of the upper and lower airways, was used to assess deposition of salbutamol sulphate delivered via three clinically relevant platforms.

methodsSalbutamol sulphate was delivered using a pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI), a dry powder inhaler (DPI), and a jet nebuliser. Deposition profiles obtained in the AIR model were benchmarked against the NGI.

resultsBoth systems showed consistent patterns for DPI and nebuliser aerosols, with highest deposition in the oropharyngeal and intrathoracic regions, respectively. In contrast, pMDI testing revealed important differences: the AIR model predicted markedly higher oropharyngeal retention and reduced intrathoracic delivery, aligning more closely with published in vivo scintigraphy studies than the NGI.

conclusionThese findings demonstrate that anatomically realistic models provide critical insights into deposition behaviour, particularly for propellant driven inhalers and underscore the value of integrating physiologically relevant platforms alongside conventional impactors in aerosol characterisation.

Indexed as

AlbuterolBronchodilator AgentsNebulizers and VaporizersAdministration, InhalationAerosolsDry Powder InhalersHumansMetered Dose InhalersModels, BiologicalParticle SizeAerosolsAlbuterolBronchodilator Agentsaerosol delivery platformDPIin vitro lung modelnebuliserPMDI

Identifiers

PMID41714541
PMCPMC13076424

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.