Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41714310›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026

Immune-Based Cytokine Signatures of Prolonged Pandemic-Associated Chilblains.

Giuseppe Sangiorgio, Grace Chamberlin, Riccardo Castagnoli, Brianna Wachter, Kerry A Dobbs, Danielle Fink, Gina A Montealegre Sanchez, Karyl Barron, Helen C Su, Douglas Kuhns and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Giuseppe SangiorgioLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-9260-2915
Grace ChamberlinDepartment of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Riccardo CastagnoliLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0029-9383
Brianna WachterLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Kerry A DobbsLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Danielle FinkNeutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Gina A Montealegre SanchezDivision of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-7226-4266
Karyl BarronLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Helen C SuLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Douglas KuhnsNeutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9971-0760
Peter D BurbeloDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1717-048X
Luigi D NotarangeloLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Esther FreemanDepartment of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Ottavia M DelmonteLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4772-0799

Funding

Characterization of the cellular and molecular bases of inborn errors of immunityZIAAI001222 · NIAID · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES · PI NOTARANGELO, LUIGI · 2017 to 2025
$15.2M
Host factors contributing to susceptibility to COVID-19 diseaseZIAAI001265 · NIAID · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES · PI SU, HELEN CHUN-HUI · 2020 to 2025
$9.5M
Improving the Care Cascade for HIV-associated Kaposi's Sarcoma in sub-Saharan AfricaK23AI136579 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI FREEMAN, ESTHER E · 2018 to 2022
$1.1M
Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRD): Longitudinal Study of Clinical Presentation, Treatment and OutcomesZIAAI001376 · NIAID · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES · PI DELMONTE, OTTAVIA · 2024 to 2025
$219k
CCR NIH HHS HHSN261200800001CIntramural NIH HHS ZIA AI001222Intramural NIH HHS ZIA AI001265Intramural NIH HHS ZIA AI001376National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIAID K23 AI136579NCI NIH HHSNHLBI NIH HHSNIAID NIH HHS K23 AI136579NIH HHS HHSN261200800001ENIH HHS ZIAAI001222-07NIH HHS ZIAAI001265NIH HHS ZIAAI001376-02
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Most pandemic-associated chilblains (PAC) resolve spontaneously, but a subset of patients develops persistent or recurrent disease. We analyzed peripheral cytokine profiles in 17 patients with prolonged PAC and identified elevated IFN-γ, CXCL10, CX3CL1, IL-16, CCL22, and S100A8. In contrast to the transient type I interferon response described in acute PAC, prolonged disease was characterized by a type II interferon-skewed inflammatory signature with T-cell activation and endothelial involvement. Frequent autoimmune comorbidities suggest baseline immune dysregulation contributing to chronicity. These findings highlight potential therapeutic targets, including JAK inhibition and IFN-γ-directed therapies.

Indexed as

ChilblainsCOVID-19CytokinesAdultAgedFemaleHumansInterferon-gammaMaleMiddle AgedPandemicsSARS-CoV-2CytokinesInterferon-gammaCOVID toesCXCL10cytokinesfractalkineinterferon-γJAK inhibitorspandemic chilblaintype-I interferons

Identifiers

PMID41714310
PMCPMC13431659

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.