ArticleJournal of applied toxicology : JAT2026
Immunomodulatory and Cytotoxic Properties of Enniatin B1 in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages.
Article in Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
This study investigates the immunomodulatory effects of Enniatin B1 (ENNB1), an emerging mycotoxin, on porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), a species-specific model relevant to human innate immunity. PAMs were exposed to increasing ENNB1 concentrations (0.5-6 μM) over 6, 24, and 48 h. Results showed a biphasic response: ENNB1 initially enhanced cell viability and induced upregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), COX enzymes, and antioxidant gene GPX-2. However, prolonged exposure caused downregulation of these markers and reduced cell viability, indicating cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects. The temporal and concentration-dependent responses suggest that ENNB1 modulates macrophage function by altering the immune response, with early immune activation followed by immune impairment. These findings provide novel insights into ENNB1's potential to alter immune homeostasis and highlight the need for further toxicological studies for a correct evaluation of the risk.
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