(Re)Integrating classical natural history approaches into contemporary field primatology: toward a more holistic understanding of primates.

The historical evolution of the natural sciences, from natural history to specialized scientific disciplines, has fundamentally altered how we study the natural world. While scientific specialization has undoubtedly brought both depth and rigor to specific scientific fields, including primatology, it has also created methodological limitations that fragment our understanding of complex primate ecosystems. This paper outlines four core principles, once central to natural history research, that are less commonly applied in contemporary primatology. These principles include: multidisciplinarity, democratized participation, integration of subjective interpretation, and creative communication. I argue for the strategic integration and/or reintegration of these principles within primatology and provide concrete recommendations for institutional enactment. However, while the incorporation of these selected principles may make the field more inclusive, ethical, and diverse, it is critical to also acknowledge that many other aspects of natural history have been historically rooted in a colonialism, racism, and exploitation. This paper, therefore, does not call for a blind return to natural history approaches as they were once practiced, but rather for the development of a new, holistic, next-generation primatology. Rather than abandoning scientific rigor, this synthesis approach would expand primatology's methodological toolkit to better reflect the interconnected nature of primate worlds while bridging the gap between academic and local knowledge systems. Such integration offers pathways toward more inclusive, comprehensive, and ultimately more effective primate research and conservation.