ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2026
Associations among family sociodemographic factors, breakfast habits, and weight status in preschool children and the mediating role of breakfast habits: the ToyBox-study.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02116296 (Multifactorial Evidence Based Approach Using Behavioural Models in Understanding and Promoting Fun, Healthy Food, Play and Policy for the Prevention of Obesity in Early Childhood), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Multifactorial Evidence Based Approach Using Behavioural Models in Understanding and Promoting Fun, Healthy Food, Play and Policy for the Prevention of Obesity in Early Childhood
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the associations between children’s breakfast habits and sociodemographic factors with overweight in preschool children.
methodsThe analysis used data from 6451 European preschoolers and their parents participating in the ToyBox-study. Children’s weight and height were measured, and family sociodemographic data were collected using standardised questionnaires. International Obesity Task Force cut-off points were used to categorise children’s weight status. The associations between children’s breakfast habits, weight status and family sociodemographic characteristics were analysed using multiple logistic regression. In addition, mediation analysis was performed to test the hypothesis that children’s breakfast habits mediate the association of selected sociodemographic factors and weight status.
resultsGirls were more likely than boys to skip breakfast daily (16.7% vs 12.4%; p < 0.01) and were at a higher risk of being overweight (17.1% vs 12.4%; p < 0.01). Children whose mothers’ years of education were more than 14 years were more likely to consume breakfast daily (OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.20; 1.78)) and less likely to be overweight (0.73 (95% CI 0.60; 0.88)) compared to children of mothers with lower levels of education. Girls (1.48 (95% CI 1.26; 1.73)) and children whose mother (1.71 (95% CI 1.44; 2.02)) or father (1.78 (95% CI 1.49; 2.14)) was overweight were more likely to be overweight. After adjusting for confounding factors, no mediation of preschool children’s breakfast habits was found in the association between family sociodemographic factors and children’s weight status.
conclusionThe lower likelihood of being overweight among children aged 3.5–5.5 was associated with medium and high mothers’ education and non-overweight parents. CLINICAL TRIAL AND STUDY REGISTRATION: The ToyBox-study is registered with the clinical trials registry: clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT02116296; 2014-04-15.
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