ReviewDeutsches Arzteblatt international2026
Dissociative Identity Disorder and Partial Dissociative Identity Disorder.
Review in Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe diagnosis dissociative identity disorder (DID) replaces multiple personality disorder in the ICD-11. It is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states (dissociative identities) and, typically, by amnesia from one state to another. The personality states are associated with marked discontinuities in the experience of self and in the ability to take charge of one's own actions. In partial DID, the discontinuities are less marked. In this review, we summarize and discuss empirical studies on DID and partial DID and derive potential approaches to this problem in clinical practice.
methodsThis narrative review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a PubMed search.
resultsOnly a small number of empirical studies on DID are available, and most suffer from major methodological limitations. Robust data for partial DIS are entirely lacking. The extant findings reveal a marked overlap between DID and other trauma-associated disorders, especially complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The available data tend not to support central constructs of DID; in particular, they do not support the postulated amnesia between the personality states. There is no robust evidence for the efficacy of any specific treatment.
conclusionDID and partial DID are insufficiently validated diagnoses for which there is no evidence-based treatment. Dissociative symptoms are already covered by better-researched entities, including cPTSD and BPD, for which validated treatment options are available. The diagnoses of DID and partial DID should only be assigned if alternative explanations of the patient's clinical manifestations have been excluded.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.