ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Divergent roles of serum CXCL9 as a biomarker in ILD and COPD: a comparative study.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Case Report: Treatment of refractory lung disease in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis with cyclophosphamide and rituximab combination therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The chemokine CXCL9, induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), is a hallmark of type 1 (T1) inflammation. Its role in chronic respiratory diseases remains unclear, with conflicting evidence suggesting it may reflect steroid-responsive inflammation in interstitial lung disease (ILD) but correlate with worse function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Serum levels of CXCL9, KL-6, SP-A, and CRP were measured in 83 ILD patients (with paired samples before and after treatment), 94 COPD patients, and 100 healthy controls (50 smokers and 50 non-smokers). Lung function and biomarker correlations were analyzed, and unsupervised cluster analysis was used to explore inflammatory phenotypes. Results: CXCL9 levels were markedly elevated in both ILD (median: 57.4 pg/mL) and COPD (70.1 pg/mL) compared to healthy smokers (32.5 pg/mL) and non-smokers (37.0 pg/mL). In COPD, CXCL9 correlated with KL-6 (r = 0.459) and SP-A (r = 0.274), indicating neutrophilic inflammation and epithelial injury. In ILD, higher baseline CXCL9 levels predicted subsequent improvement in lung function and declined following treatment. Cluster analysis revealed divergent CXCL9 and KL-6 trajectories linked to disease outcomes, underscoring their value as dynamic, disease-specific biomarkers. Conclusion: CXCL9 levels correlate with divergent roles in ILD and COPD. It may serve as a prognostic marker, identifying treatable inflammation in ILD and inflammatory burden in COPD.
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