Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41710875›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026

Synergistic immune protection of exosomal T-cell epitope vaccine and antibody-inducing vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in highly humanized mice.

Anran Shen, Suyue Zhu, Min Li, Yu Zhao, Yandan Wu, Yue Zhang, Jiejie Zhang, Xuelian Han, Yuan Wang, Guangyu Zhao and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Anran Shen *Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Suyue Zhu *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Min LiState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Yu ZhaoDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Yandan WuDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Yue ZhangLaboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Jiejie ZhangState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Xuelian HanState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Yuan WangState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Guangyu ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Linli LvInstitute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Qi YinState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Taotao TangInstitute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the synergistic immunological protection of exosomal T-cell epitope vaccine and antibody-inducing vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in highly humanized mice. Methods: Red blood cell-derived exosomes were loaded with 27 CD8 Results: The combined immunization i) increased the titers of S1 protein-specific IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies as well as Tfh cell frequency as compared to the S1 protein vaccine alone; ii) induced significantly more S1 protein-specific T cells and effector memory CD4 Conclusion: This study, for the first time, demonstrates the synergistic humoral and cellular immune responses and protective efficacy induced by the combined immunization of exosomal T-cell epitope vaccine and antibody-inducing vaccine, and provides preclinical evidence from highly humanized mice for optimizing next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protocols.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesEpitopes, T-LymphocyteExosomesSARS-CoV-2Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2AnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesFemaleHLA-A2 AntigenHLA-DR1 AntigenHumansMiceAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2Antibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesEpitopes, T-LymphocyteHLA-A2 AntigenHLA-DR1 AntigenProtein Subunit VaccinesSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2antibody-inducing vaccinecombined immunizationexosomal vaccineexosomeSARS-CoV-2T-cell epitope vaccine

Identifiers

PMID41710875
PMCPMC12909587

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.